LIBRARY OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

590.5

FI

V.42

cop. 3

NATURAL history;

CI 1D\/CV

%

4-
3

FIELDIANA ZOOLOGY

Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Volume 42 August 22, 1958 No. 4

Philippine Zoological Expedition

1946-1947

NOTES ON PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA, I.

Species from Ciconii formes, Anseriformes,

Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes

and Charadriiformes

K, C. Emerson

AND

Ronald A. Ward
INTRODUCTION

This is the first installment of a report on the Mallophaga col-
lected from avian hosts by the Philippine Zoological Expedition,
1946-47.

Since Mallophaga are obligatory external parasites, and highly
host-specific, their distribution is dependent upon the distribution of
the hosts. A list of the species of Mallophaga in the Philippines could
be compiled by referring to a list of hosts known to inhabit, or mi-
grate through, this region. Such a list has not been included in this
paper because many records and descriptions have been based on
material obtained from skins in museums or from live hosts in
zoological gardens, and many still await confirmation.

This study has arisen as a subsidiary enquiry to bird collecting,
and it constitutes the first opportunity to confirm many host records.
All records which were obviously mislabeled or mixed during collec-
tion have been omitted. Some series have not been given specific
determinations because studies now in progress by other workers in-
clude several generic revisions.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-133^5 ftaipili^^'w^';'i

No. 847 49 /^ <v O -- / f ^^si

NATURAL ^' --''

HISTORY S'JRVE\

50 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Host determinations and classification are in accordance with
those of Delacour and Mayr (1946). The collections were made by
G. L. Alcasid, H. Hoogstraal, S. G. Jewett, Jr., and F. G. Werner.

Suborder AMBLYCERA
Family MENOPONIDAE

Actornithophilus bicolor (Piaget)

Colpocephalum bicolor Piaget, 1880, Les Pediculines, p. 561, pi. 47, fig. 1.
Colpocephalum paetulum Kellogg and Kuwana, 1901, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila-
delphia, (1900), p. 157, pi. 7, fig. 4.
Colpocephalum spinulosum obscurum Carriker, 1910, Ent. News, 21: 52.
Colpocephalum oculare Carriker, 1910, Ent. News, 21: 52, pi. 5, fig. 1.

Four males and 10 females from Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus)
(tumstone) were collected on Ramasamey Island, Puerto Princesa,
Palawan.

Ardeiphilus sp.

One female from Ardea purpurea manilensis Meyen (eastern
purple heron) was collected at Bugasan, Cotabato Province,
Mindanao.

Austromenopon phaeopodis (Schrank)

Pediculv^ phaeopodis Schrank, 1802, Briefs Natur. . . ., p. 361.
Menopon ambigum Nitzsch, 1874, in Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 295.

Three males and 13 females from Numenius phaeopus variegatus
(Scopoli) (whimbrel) were collected at Madaum, Tagum, Davao
Province, Mindanao.

Austromenopon sp.

One female from Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus) (common sand-
piper) was collected in Subic Bay, Luzon.

Colpocephalum sp.

One male from Egretta i. intermedia (Wagler) (lesser egret) was
collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

Two females from Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy
kite) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cotabato Province,

'^' 2 EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 51

Mindanao, and one female from the same host was collected at
Manila, Luzon.

This genus is in need of review, since at least ten names are ques-
tionable. A revision cannot be undertaken at this time, so no attempt
has been made to name the forms collected.

Kelerimenopon sp.

One female from Megapodius freycinet cumingii Dillwyn (incu-
bator bird) was collected at Canigaran, Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

This genus as presently constituted includes forms found on par-
rots and megapodes. This classification is not accepted, as the forms
found on the parrots are generically distinct from those found on the
megapodes. A lack of material precludes a revision of the complex
at this time.

Kurodaia sp.

One male from Haliastur Indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy kite)
was collected at Manila, Luzon.

Longimenopon pediculoides (Mjoberg)

Colpocephalum pediculoides Mjoberg, 1910, Ark. Zool., 6, (13), p. 44, pi. 2, fig. 6.

Ten males and 25 females from Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus)
(tumstone) were collected on Ramasamey Island, Puerto Princesa,
Palawan.

This species was originally listed by Mjoberg as having been col-
lected from Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus) and Falco tinnunculus
Linnaeus. Because of the size of this series, it must be accepted that
the turnstone is the correct host for the species. It was referred to
the genus Rediella "with much doubt" by Hopkins and Clay (1952).
This conclusion was probably based on an examination of Mjoberg's
description and illustrations, since the types have not been located.
These specimens agree completely with Mjoberg's description and
illustrations, and cannot be referred to the genus Rediella as pres-
ently defined. This species has a slight "brush" in each posterior
lateral angle of abdominal sternite IV, and only a single median pro-
thoracic seta, both of which are characteristic of some members of
the genus Actornithophilus. The species is somewhat intermediate
between Actornithophilus and Longimenopon; it has been referred to
the latter because of the sparse chaetotaxy and the characters of
the head.

52 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann)

Menopon pallidulum Neumann, 1912, Arch. Par., Paris, 15: 361, figs. 7-9.

One male and one female from Gallus g. gallus (Linnaeus) (red
jungle fowl) were collected at San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

Menacanthus pallipes (Piaget)

Menopon pallipes Piaget, 1885, Les Pediculines, Suppl., p. Ill, pi. 12, fig. 2.

Two females from Coturnix chinensis lineata (Scopoli) (painted
quail) were collected at Naic, Cavite.

Menacanthus werneri, new species. Figure 15, d.

Male: Head triangular with narrow preocular slits. Three long setae on each
temple and eight long setae on the occiput. Gular plate indistinct, with four long
setae on the lateral margins. The spine-like processes that arise near the base of
the palpi are short and stout. Terminal antennal segments undivided, stout and
cylindrical.

Twelve long setae on posterior and lateral margins of prothorax. Prothoracic
sternal plate bare and indistinct. Eighteen long setae on posterior margin of ptero-
thorax. Mesothoracic sternal plate V-shaped, with twelve long setae. Metatho-
racic sternal plate diamond-shaped, with eight long setae. Distinct patch of short
spines on venter of hind femora.

Abdominal tergites I-VII with 28 to 30 medium-length setae evenly spaced on
posterior margins. Pleural plates with a minimum of internal thickening. One
long seta in each posterior-lateral angle, eight medium-length setae on posterior
margin, and scattered small setae on each pleural plate. Sternal plates with three
rows of evenly spaced medium-length setae. Patches of spines on posterior-lateral
angles of abdominal sternites IV-VI. Male genitalia as shown (fig. 15, d).

Female: Essentially the same form as in the male, with a minimum of sexual
dimorphism. Twenty-two long setae on posterior margin of vulva. Anus entirely
ventral, with a marginal fringe of widely spaced small short setae.

Measurements

Male Female

Width Length Width Length

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Head 0.54 0.30

Prothorax 0.44 0.20

Pterothorax 0.56 0.23

Abdomen 0.74 1.36

Total 2.09 1.75

Type host: Polyplectron emphanum Temminck (Napoleon's
peacock pheasant).

0.52

0.30

0.40

0.20

0.45

0.17

0.64

1.08

EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 53

Fig. 15. a-c, Oxylipeurus hoogstraali, new species: a, dorsal view of male;
b, male genitalia; and c, ventral view of female genital region, d, Menacanthus
werneri, new species; male genitalia.

Type material : Holotype male, allotype female and 24 paratypes
collected at Lapulapu and the Penal Colony, Iwahig, Palawan.

Menopon clayae Emerson

Menopon clayae Emerson, 1954, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12), 7: 229, fig. 5.

One male and one female from Polyplectron emphanum Temminck
(Napoleon's peacock pheasant) were collected at Lapulapu, Iwahig,

54 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Palawan; 16 males and 17 females from the same host were collected
at the Penal Colony, Iwahig, Palawan.

The original description was based on two males from this host.
Opportunity is taken to present a short description of the female,
which except for size and terminal abdominal segments is similar to
the male.

Vulva rectangular in shape, with 16 medium-length setae on lateral margins,
and 28 small setae on posterior margin. Anus entirely ventral; marginal fringe
almost absent, being composed of widely spaced small short setae instead of the
characteristic "anal corona."

Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus)

Pediculus gallinae Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 613.

Nirmus trigonocephaltis Olfers, 1816, De Veget. . ., 1 : 90.

Liotheum (Menopon) pallidum Nitzsch, 1818, Germar's Mag. Ent., 3: 299.

Menopon productum Piaget, 1880, Les Pediculines, p. 461, pi. 37, fig. 8.

Menopon productum major Piaget, 1880, Les Pediculines, p. 462 (not p. 441).

Menopon subaequale productum Piaget, 1885 (not 1880), Les Pediculines, Suppl.,

p. 109.
Menopon brevipes Piaget, 1885, Les Pediculines, Suppl., p. 110, pi. 12, fig. 1.
Menopon longicephalum Kellogg, 1896, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 6: 535,

pi. 73, fig. 4.
Menopon lunalale Eichler, 1947, Ark. Zool., 39A, (2), p. 17, figs. 35-38.

Twenty-one males and 12 females from Gallus g. gallus (Linnaeus)
(red jungle fowl) were collected on the east slope of Mount McKin-
ley, Davao Province, Mindanao; 22 males and 9 females from the
same host were collected at Dimaniang, Busuanga, Calamianes; 6
males and 13 females from the same host were collected at Carme-
lita, Busuanga, Calamianes; and 33 males and 20 females were col-
lected at San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

Pseudomenopon sp.

Twelve males and 27 females from Amaurornis phoenicurus javani-
cus (Horsfield) (white-breasted swamphen) were collected at San
Pedro, Cuhon, Calamianes.

Trinoton aculeatum Piaget

Trinoton aculeatum Piaget, 1885, Les Pediculines, Suppl., p. 136, pi. 15, fig. 1.

Three males and six females from Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsfield)
(lesser fulvous whistling duck) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh,
Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 55

There appear to be no external characters by which this series
can be separated from those normally found on Dendrocygna viduata
(Linnaeus), the type host of this species.

Family LAEMOBOTHRIONIDAE
Laemobothrion mjobergi Eichler

Laemobothrion mjobergi Eichler, 1944, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1943: 64, figs.
11, 12.

Four males and four females from Haliastur Indus intermedius
Blyth (Brahminy kite) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cota-
bato Province, Mindanao.

Laemobothrion sp.

One male from Butastur indicus (Gmelin) (gray-faced buzzard)
was collected at Bugasan, Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

Suborder ISCHNOCERA
Family PHILOPTERIDAE
Craspedorrhynchus pachypus (Giebel)

Docophorus pachypus Giebel, 1874, Insecta Epizoa, p. 71.

One male from Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy kite)
was collected at Manila, Luzon.

Craspedorrhynchus sp.

Two males and two females from Spilornis cheela holospilus (Vi-
gors) (serpent eagle) were collected in Davao Province, Mindanao.

Cuclotogaster acuminatus (Piaget)

Lipeurus acuminatus Piaget, 1885, Les Pediculines, Suppl., p. 70, pi. 7, fig. 6.

One female from Coturnix chinensis lineata (Scopoli) (painted
quail) was collected at Naic, Cavite.

Degeeriella sp.

One male and two females from Haliastur indus intermedius
Blyth (Brahminy kite) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cota-
bato Province; six males and six females from the same host were
collected at Manila, Luzon.

56 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Seven males and three females from Butastur indicus (Gmelin)
(gray-faced buzzard) were collected at Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Two males and three females from Accipiter trivirgatus palawanus
Mayr (crested goshawk) were collected at San Pedro, Culion, Cala-
mianes.

This genus is presently under revision by Miss Theresa Clay,
British Museum (Natural History).

Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer)

Ricinus galUnae De Geer, 1778, Mem. Hist. Ins., 7: 79, pi. 4, fig. 15.
Philopterus (Goniodes) hologaster Nitzsch, 1818, Germar's Mag. Ent., 3: 294.

One male from Gallus g. gallus (Linnaeus) (red jungle fowl) was
collected at San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

Goniodes biordinatus Clay

Goniodes biordinatus Clay, 1940, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (B), 110: 106, figs.
706, 71.

Five males and six females from Megapodius freycinet cumingii
Dillwyn (incubator bird) were collected at Canigaran, Puerto Prin-
cesa, Palawan; eight males and seven females from the same host
were collected at Mahupa, Culion, Calamianes.

This form is intermediate to Goniodes minor (Piaget) and G. bi-
ordinatus Clay, and is referred to the latter species because the
chaetotaxy of segment VIII in the male agrees most closely with
Clay's illustration of that species.

Goniodes dissimilis Denny

Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842, Mon. Anopl. Brit., pp. 57 and 162, pi. 12,

fig. 6.
Goniodes dissimilis bankiva Piaget, 1880, Les Pediculines, p. 269.

Three males and four females from Gallus g. gallus (Linnaeus)
(red jungle fowl) were collected at San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

Goniodes major (Piaget)

Goniocotes major Piaget, 1880, Les Pediculines, p. 239, pi. 31, fig. 1.

Six males and five females from Megapodius freycinet cumingii
Dillwyn (incubator bird) were collected at Canigaran, Puerto Prin-
cesa, Palawan; one female from the same host was collected at
Mahupa, Culion, Calamianes.

EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 57

Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus)

Pediculus caponis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 614.

Nirmus tesselatus Denny, 1842, Mon. Anopl. Brit., pp. 57 and 164, pi. 15, fig. 6.

Lipeurus variabilis Burmeister, 1838, Handb. Ent., 2: 434.

Lipeurus antennatus Piaget, 1885 (not Giebel, 1874), Les P^diculines, Suppl.,

p. 75, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Lipeurus formosanus Sugimoto, 1929 (not Uchida, 1917), Rep. Dept. Agr. Res.

Inst. Formosa, 43: 53.

One male from Gallus g. gallus (Linnaeus) was collected on the
east slope of Mount McKinley, Davao Province, Mindanao; four
males and 12 females from the same host were collected at Carmelita,
Busuanga, Calamianes; and 23 males and 20 females were collected
at San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

Lipeurus sinuatus Taschenberg

Lipeurus sinuatus Taschenberg, 1882, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol., 44: 180, pi. 6,
fig. 6.

One male and one female from Megapodius freycinet cumingii
Dillwyn (incubator bird) were collected at Canigaran, Puerto Prin-
cesa, Palawan.

Lunaceps phaeopi (Denny)

Nirmus phaeopi Denny, 1842, Mon. Anopl. Brit., pp. 54 and 144, pi. 10, fig. 7.
Nirmus phaeopodis Giebel, 1874, Insecta Epizoa, p. 166.
Degeeriella oliveri Johnston and Harrison, 1912, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 44: 367,
fig. 3.

Seventeen males and 26 females from Numenius phaeopus varie-
gatus (Scopoli) (whimbrel) were collected at Madaum, Tagum, Davao
Province, Mindanao, and one male and three females from the same
host were collected at Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Oxylipeurus hoogstraali, new species. Figure 15, a-c.

Male: Length, 1.85 mm.; greatest width, 0.23 mm. Dorsal chaetotaxy as
shown (fig. 15, a). Ventrally, one medium pair of long setae on posterior margin
of each abdominal sternite. Pro- and metathoracic sternal plates each with one
pair of long setae. Male genitalia as illustrated (fig. 15, b).

Female: Length, 2.08 mm.; greatest width, 0.30 mm. Antennae filiform.
Chaetotaxy same as for male, except for abdominal terminal segments (ventral
portion illustrated in fig. 15, c).

This species is similar to 0. tropicoperdix Clay, found on Tropi-
coperdix c. chloropus Blyth. In addition to the differences in chaeto-

58 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

taxy and size, the two can be separated by differences in the male
genitalia and the shape of the female genital plates. The parameres
of the male genitalia are shorter and not curved outward at the tips
as are those of 0. tropicoperdix Clay. Lateral margins of the female
genital plate in the new form are not as deeply indented as in 0.
tropicoperdix Clay.

Type host: Polyplectron emphanum Temminck (Napoleon's
peacock pheasant).

Type material: Holotype male, allotype female, and ten para-
types collected at Lapulapu and the Penal Colony, Iwahig, Palawan.

Quadraceps strepsilaris (Denny)

Nirmus strepsilaris Denny, 1842, Mon. Anopl. Brit., pp. 52 and 135, pi. 2,

fig. 4.
Nirmus subcingulatus Nitzsch, 1866, in Giebel, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., 28: 372.
Nirmus euprepes Kellogg and Chapman, 1902, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 10: 21,

pi. 3, fig. 1.

Nineteen males and 19 females from Arenaria interpres (Lin-
naeus) (turnstone) were collected on Ramasamey Island, Puerto
Princesa, Palawan.

Quadraceps ravus (Kellogg)

Nirmus furvus var. ravus Kellogg, 1899, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 6: 14, pi. 2,
fig. 1.

Degeeriella subfusca Blagoveshchenskii, 1948, Mag. Parasit. Leningr. & Mos-
cow, 10: 286, figs. 20, 20a (synonym /ide Hopkins and Timmermann, 1954,
Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 105: 145 [-146]).

Five males and seven females from Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus)
(common sandpiper) were collected in Subic Bay, Luzon.

Quadraceps sp.

One male from Charadrius leschenaultii Lesson (large sand plover)
was collected at Bugasan, Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

Two females from Charadrius dubius Scopoli (ring-necked plover)
were collected at Maloma, Luzon.

Rallicola ortygometrae clayae Tandan

Rallicola clayae Tandan, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12), 4: 810, figs. 9-13.

Thirty-two males and 19 females from Amaurornis phoenicurus
javanicus (Horsfield) (white-breasted swamphen) were collected at
San Pedro, Culion, Calamianes.

EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 59

Rallicola sp.

Two males from Rallus t. torquatus Linnaeus (barred rail) were
collected at Bugasan, Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

Saemundssonia scolopacisphaeopodis (Schrank)

Pediculus scolopacisphaeopodis Schrank, 1803, Fauna Boica, 3: 191.
Docophorus rotundus Rudow, 1869, Beitr. Kenntn. Malloph., p. 11.
Philopterus armatus Johnston and Harrison, 1912, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 44: 370,
figs. 7-10.

Thirteen males and 34 females from Numenius phaeopus varie-
gatus (Scopoli) (whimbrel) were collected at Madaum, Tagum,
Davao Province, Mindanao.

Turnicola angustissimus (Giebel)

Lipeurus angustissimus Giebel, 1866, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., 28: 382.

Nirmus angusticeps Giebel, 1874, Insecta Epizoa, p. 154.

Lipeurus platyclypeatus Piaget, 1880, Les P6diculines, p. 678, pi. 56, fig. 5.

Four males and three females from Turnix suscitator fasciata
(Temminck) (barred button-quail) were collected at Dimaniang,
Busuanga, Calamianes.

REFERENCES

Blagoveshchenskii, D. I.

1948. Mallophaga from birds of the Barabinsk Lakes. I. [In Russian.] Mag.
Parasit. Leningr. & Moscow [Parasitol. Shorn. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Leningrad], 10: 259-294, 21 figs.

BURMEISTER, H. C. C.

1838. Mallophaga. Handb. Ent., 2, (2), pp. 418-443.

Carrikbr, M. a., Jr., and Shull, C. A.
1910. Some new species of Mallophaga from Michigan. Ent. News, 21 : 51-57.

Clay, Theresa

1940. Genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on gallinaceous hosts.
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De Geer, Carl

1778. M^moires pour servir a I'histoire des insectes. Stockholm, 7: 69-82.

Delacour, J., and Mayr, E.

1946. Birds of the Philippines. 309 pp. New York.

Denny, H.

1842. Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae. 263 pp. London.

Eichler, W.

1944. Notulae Mallophagologicae, X. Anseriphilus nov. gen. und andere Neu-
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1947. Dr. E. Mjoberg's zoological collections from Sumatra. 15, Mallophaga.
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60 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 42

Emerson, K. C.

1954. Review of the genus Menopon Nitzsch, 1818 (Mallophaga). Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (12), 7: 225-232.

GlEBEL, C. G.

1866. Die im Zoologischen Museum der Universitat Halle aufgestellten Epizoen
nebst Beobachtungen iiber dieselben. Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., 28: 353-397.
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Hopkins, G. H. E., and Clay, T.

1952. A checklist of the genera and species of Mallophaga. 362 pp. London.

Hopkins, G. H. E., and Timmermann, G.

1954. A revision of the species of Quadraceps (Mallophaga) parasitic on Tringi-
nae. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, 105: 131-187, 2 pis., 16 text figs.

Johnston, T. H., and Harrison, L.

1912. Mallophaga from Kermadec Islands. Trans. New Zealand Inst., 44:
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Kellogg, V. L.

1896. New Mallophaga, II. From land birds; together with an account of the
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Kellogg, V. L., and Chapman, B.

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Ent. Soc, 10: 20-28.

Linnaeus, C.

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Mjoberg, E.

1910. Studien iiber MallophagenundAnopluren. Ark. Zool., 6, (13), pp. 1-296.

Neumann, L. G.

1912. Notes sur les Mallophages. II. Arch. Par., Paris, 15: 353-384.

Nitzsch, C. L.

1818. Die Familien und Gattungen der Tierinsekten als ein Prodomus der
Naturgeschichte derselben. Germar's Mag. Ent., 3: 261-316.

Olfers, I. F. M.

1816. De vegetativis et animatis corporibus in corpore animate reperiundis.
Goettingae. Dissertation, pp. 80-97.

Piaget, E.

1880. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique. 714 pp. Leiden.

1885. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique, Supplement. 200 pp. Leiden.

RuDOW, F.
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Arten aus der Familie Philopterus. Dissertation, University of Leipzig. 47 pp.
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SCHRANK, F. VON P.

1802. Briefe naturhistorischen, physikalischen und okonomischen Inhaltes an
Herrn Bernard Sebastian Nau, ehemaligen kurmainzischen Hofgerichtsrath
und Professor, pp. 361-363. Erlangen.

1803. Fauna Boica. 3, (1), pp. 186-194. Ntirnberg.

EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 61

Tandan, B. K.

1951. Mallophagan parasites from Inian birds. Part I. New species belong-
ing to the genera Aquanirrmis, Quadraceps, and Rallicola (Ischnocera, Philop-
teridae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12), 4: 802-813.

Taschenberg, E. 0. W.

1882. Die Mallophagen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der von Dr. Meyer
gesammelten Arten systematisch bearbeitet. Nova Acta Leop.-Carol., 44:
(1), pp. 1-244.